PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of China	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of France	Cambrian of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian											Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
				Clarendonian									Vallesian	9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian									Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian											Orleanian	15.98
				Hemingfordian										16.3
				Arikareean										18.5
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian										47.8
				Wasatchian										50.5
				Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian		Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian					Pragian		407.6
		Pragian					Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Datsonian	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Payntonian	486.8 *
										Festiniogian	Payntonian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Iverian	489.5
				Aksaian								490.7 *
				Sakian								492.2 *
										Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian								Maentwrogian	Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian					St Davids		Mindyallan	497
				Ayusokkanian	Boomerangian						499
					Boomerangian						499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian	Undillan						500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian	Floran						503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian	Templetonian						504.5
				505.3	Templetonian
				Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai				509
			Toyonian						510 *
			Toyonian						510.8 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian							529
														538.8