PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian	Middle Pleistocene						0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian	Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	Late Pliocene	Villanyian		Tertiary †		Yushean	2.58
					Waipipian		Villanyian					3
							Ruscinian					3.1 *
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene						3.6
					Opoitian							3.7
					Opoitian						Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene	Turolian					5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
							Vallesian					8.7
				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
											Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene	Astaracian					11.63
		Serravallian			Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian						Shanwangian	13.82
					Clifdenian							15.1
				Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene	Orleanian					15.98
											Xiejiaan	16.9
					Otaian							18.7
							Agenian					20
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian	Late Oligocene						23.03
					Duntroonian							25.2
					Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene						33.9
				Arnold	Runangan							34.6
					Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan	Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian							41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
					Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan	Early Eocene						47.8
					Mangaorapan							48.9
					Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian	Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian			Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
					Mangaotanean							90.5
					Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan							93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
					Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan							100.5
					Urutawan							103.3
			Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian		Korangan	113
		Aptian			117.5
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein			Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes					259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian					283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian			485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5	Batyrbaian
			Aksaian	490.7 *
			Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	Series 3 †			497
		Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian				Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †	505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						509
			Toyonian					510 *
			Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian					514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian					521
												525.5