PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Sheridanian			0.0117
				Chibanian														Sheridanian			0.129
				Chibanian														Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
				Calabrian														Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
				Calabrian														Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
				Gelasian						MN 17											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16											2.58
				Piacenzian						MN 15											3.2
				Zanclean						MN 15											3.6
										MN 14											4.2
										MN 14								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
										MN 13											4.9
			Miocene	Messinian						MN 13											5.333
				Tortonian						MN 12											7.246
										MN 11											7.75
										MN 10											8.7
										MN 10								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
										MN 9											9.7
										MN 7 + 8											11.1
				Serravallian																	11.63
																		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
										MN 6											12.8 *
				Langhian						MN 5											13.82
				Burdigalian						MN 4											15.98
										MN 4								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
										MN 3								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.9
										MN 3								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
										MN 2											20
				Aquitanian						MN 2											20.44
				Aquitanian						MN 1											22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
																			Monroecreekian		23.1 *
																			Geringian		24.7 *
				Rupelian															Geringian		27.82
				Rupelian																	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian														Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian																	37
				Bartonian																	37.71
				Bartonian														Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian														Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian														Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
				Ypresian														Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
																		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
																				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
				Thanetian																Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
				Selandian																Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
				Selandian																To3/To2/To1	60.9
				Danian																To3/To2/To1	61.6
				Danian																Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic	Late Albian					100.5
																Middle Albian					106.2 *
																Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian												Late Aptian					113
				Aptian												Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian											Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian	139.8
				Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
				Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
			Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
			Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian		Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian		Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian		Tuvalian		227
			Carnian		Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian		237
			Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian		251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Roadian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian				Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							Pirgu	449.5
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
						Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian			Keila					Idavere †	453
						Haljala						453.9
						Kukruse						456.4 *
						Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Uhaku		Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
						Lasnamagi						458.9 *
						Aseri						460.4 *
						Oeland				Kunda		462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian	Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian									470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Ungurian									Xinchangian	477.7
									Lianghekou †					477.9 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian						Pakerort				485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian											489.5
				Aksaian										490.7 *
				Sakian										492.2 *
Paibian			494	Sakian
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan		505.3
Series 2		Stage 4		509
			Toyonian	510 *
			Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian	521
		Stage 2		525.5
		Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
		Ediacaran												Vendian	Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian												Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau			1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan							1375
																					1400