PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Sheridanian							Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan							Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian			Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene									23.03
						Monroecreekian							23.1 *
						Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene		Geringian							27.82
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene									37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene									37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian					303.7
		Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian					323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian					330.9
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan		445.2
						Cautleyan		448.9 *
				Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Ungurian	Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
					Tremadoc			Cressagian	480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
				Aksaian							490.7 *
				Sakian							492.2 *
										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian									499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian							500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian							503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian					Topazan		504.5
									Topazan		505.3
									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian							510 *
				Toyonian					Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3									514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
				Atdabanian					Montezuman		515.6 *
				Atdabanian					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian									529
													538.8