PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of Siberia		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene												Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene						MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						MN 16			Villanyian			Yushean	2.58
										MN 16			Ruscinian				3.1 *
										MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene						MN 15							3.6
										MN 14							4.2
										MN 13						Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene						MN 13			Turolian				5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12							7.246
										MN 11							7.75
										MN 10			Vallesian				8.7
										MN 9							9.7
										MN 7 + 8						Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene						MN 7 + 8			Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian								MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5						Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene						MN 4			Orleanian			Shanwangian	15.98
										MN 3			Orleanian			Xiejiaan	16.9
										MN 2			Agenian				20
		Aquitanian								MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene	Gashatan												56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian		Kralodvorian		Wufeng †	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		Kralodvorian				449.5
				Berounian	449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice				Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
				Dobrotivian						458.5 *
				Oretanian						459.7 *
					Sarka †					461.7 *
					Sarka †	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian		Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian	Arenigian						470
		Tremadocian	Ungurian	Xinchangian	Tremadocian						477.7
							Lianghekou †				477.9 *
							Lianghekou †				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian				Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
			Aksaian				Aksaian								490.7 *
			Sakian				Sakian								492.2 *
														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian				Ayusokkanian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian												500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian												503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian				Amgan/Solvan						Topazan		504.5
													Topazan		505.3
													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian				Toyonian				Lenian †				510 *
			Toyonian				Toyonian						Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian				Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3													514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian				Atdabanian						Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian				Atdabanian						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian				Tommotian								521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †				529
																	538.8