PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian			Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian			Ionian			Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Calabrian						Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Gelasian						Early Pleistocene		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian						Late Miocene		7.246
				Serravallian						Middle Miocene		11.63
				Langhian						Middle Miocene		13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene		15.98
				Aquitanian						Early Miocene		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene		33.9
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian						Middle Eocene		41.2
				Ypresian						Early Eocene		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene		56
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Zechstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian							Rotliegendes	259.51
				Wordian								264.28
				Roadian								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
				Artinskian							Autunian	283.5
				Sakmarian								290.1
				Asselian								293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
				Kasimovian								303.7
				Moscovian								307
				Bashkirian								315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Datsonian	485.4
			Stage 10			Payntonian	486.8 *
			Jiangshanian			Iverian	489.5
					Aksaian		490.7 *
					Sakian		492.2 *
			Paibian		Sakian	Idamean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian	Mindyallan	497
					Ayusokkanian	Boomerangian	499
						Boomerangian	499.5
			Drumian		Zhanaarykian	Undillan	500.5
			Drumian		Tuesaian	Floran	503
			Wuliuan		Tuesaian	Templetonian	504.5
						Templetonian	505.3
						Ordian	507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
					Toyonian		510 *
					Toyonian		510.8 *
					Botomian		512.5 *
			Stage 3		Botomian		514
			Stage 3		Atdabanian		515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
			Stage 2				525.5
			Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
												635