PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of the Salt Range			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian										Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian				47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian										Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Lancian/Edmontonian			66
		Campanian											Judithian/Aquilan			72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	251.902
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	254.14
			Kalabagh	255 *
			Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
					Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
					Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Raikkula		439.4 *
					Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	Kosovian		443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
							Vormsi	Kralodvorian			449.6 *
							Vormsi	Berounian			449.7 *
							Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
							Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian					Keila				Idavere †	453
							Haljala					453.9
							Haljala					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Kukruse							456.4 *
							Uhaku				Aluoja †			457.5 *
										Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
								Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Lasnamagi	Dobrotivian						458.9 *
							Lasnamagi	Oretanian						459.7 *
							Aseri							460.4 *
							Aseri			Sarka †				461.7 *
					Oeland		Kunda							462.9 *
							Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
							Volkhov							Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †					467.3
								Arenigian							468
							Billingen								469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
			Latorp †											470.1 *
							Hunneberg							473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg	Ungurian		Tremadocian					477.7
							Varangu								481.3 *
							Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian				Pakerort								485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
			Aksaian												490.7 *
			Sakian												492.2 *
		Paibian	Sakian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian												497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian												500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian												503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian												504.5
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
			Toyonian	510 *
			Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian	515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
																525.5