PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean					0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean					0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean					0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean					0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian					0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian					0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan					1.4
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
				Zanclean									3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian					4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian					9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian					11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian					12.5
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
								Hemingfordian					16.3
								Arikareean					18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
								Whitneyan					29.5
								Orellan					31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian					33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean					37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean					37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan					41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian					46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian					47.8
								Wasatchian					50.5
								Clarkforkian					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian					56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian					56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian					59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian					60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian					61.6
				Danian				Puercan					63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		100.5
											Middle Albian		106.2 *
											Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian		113
				Aptian							Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian		168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian		168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian	Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		227
			Carnian	Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian		251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
					Aksaian							490.7 *
					Sakian							492.2 *
											Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian								Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian									499.5
			Drumian		Zhanaarykian							500.5
			Drumian		Tuesaian							503
			Wuliuan		Tuesaian					Topazan		504.5
										Topazan		505.3
										Delamaran		506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian							510 *
					Toyonian					Dyeran		511 *
					Botomian							512.5 *
			Stage 3									514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
					Atdabanian					Montezuman		515.6 *
					Atdabanian					Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
			Stage 2									525.5
			Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean											2500
	Mesoarchean											2800
	Paleoarchean											3200
	Eoarchean											3600
Hadean												4000
													4600