PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Carboniferous of China	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian								100.5
							Middle Albian								106.2 *
							Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian								113
		Aptian					Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian								139.8
							Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
							Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian								174.7
							Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
							Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian					Sevatian								208.5
							Alaunian								213.2 *
							Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian								227
		Carnian					Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian								237
		Ladinian					Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian								242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
							Huashibanian		318.5 *
							Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian		330.9
		Visean					Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Ungurian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
								Aksaian					490.7 *
								Sakian					492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian			Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian												499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †			Tuesaian				Topazan		504.5
												Topazan		505.3
												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	509
								Toyonian						510 *
								Toyonian				Dyeran		511 *
								Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Montezuman					Atdabanian				515.6 *
			Begadean					Atdabanian				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
															538.8