PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian		Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean		Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean			Yushean		Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean			Baodean		Early Pliocene								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian									7.246
		Tortonian			Tunggurian	Pannonian									11.1
		Serravallian				Sarmatian	Middle Miocene								11.63
		Serravallian				Badenian									12.8 *
		Langhian			Shanwangian										13.82
		Burdigalian			Shanwangian		Early Miocene								15.98
		Burdigalian			Xiejiaan										16.9
		Aquitanian			Xiejiaan										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian									Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian									Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian									Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian												Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian												Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian											Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian	290.1											Lenoxian
		Asselian	Nealian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †		445.2
		Katian				Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
						Dobrotivian					458.5 *
						Oretanian					459.7 *
							Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian						485.4
		Jiangshanian				Batyrbaian						489.5
						Aksaian						490.7 *
						Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian						497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan				Tuesaian						504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
						Toyonian						510 *
						Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian						514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian						521
															525.5