PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Central Paratethys Stages	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Salt Range
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian										Pannonian					7.246
		Serravallian										Sarmatian					11.63
		Serravallian										Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian													247.2
		Induan															251.2
		Induan														Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											Buntsandstein			Kathwai	251.902
																	252.4 *
																Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian												Chhidru	254.14
																Kalabagh	255 *
																Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian								Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian								Leine				264.28
																	265.3 *
																Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian											Amb	266.9
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian												270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian											273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian											281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian											283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian											286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian											290.1
		Asselian				Nealian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		445.2
							Cautleyan		448.9 *
							Pusgillian		449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian				Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Ungurian	Tremadoc				Migneintian	477.7
							Tremadoc				Cressagian	480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
						Aksaian									490.7 *
						Sakian							492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		494									Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian		Marjumian						Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian		Topazan							504.5
				505.3		Topazan
				Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian			510 *
			Toyonian	Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3				514
				Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian	Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian				529
																	538.8