PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cretaceous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean									0.129
		Chibanian								Irvingtonian									0.21
		Calabrian								Irvingtonian									0.774
		Calabrian								Blancan									1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †													2.58
		Zanclean																	3.6
		Zanclean								Hemphillian									4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian								Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian								Clarendonian									11.63
		Serravallian								Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
										Hemingfordian									16.3
										Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
		Rupelian																	27.82
										Whitneyan									29.5
										Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian									33.9
		Priabonian								Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian								Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian								Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian								Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian								Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian								Bridgerian									47.8
										Wasatchian									50.5
										Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Clarkforkian									56
		Thanetian								Tiffanian									56.2
		Selandian								Tiffanian									59.2
		Selandian								Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian								Torrejonian									61.6
		Danian								Puercan									63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian										66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic										100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian										125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †		456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
						Dobrotivian							458.5 *
						Oretanian							459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian							470
		Tremadocian				Ungurian				Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian				Ungurian			Mansian †	Tremadocian				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				Batyrbaian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															489.5
						Aksaian								Aksaian			490.7 *
						Sakian								Sakian			492.2 *
																Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian								Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian	St Davids		497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian													Zhanaarykian			500.5
		Drumian													Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan			Stage 5 †									Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †												505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4														Caerfai		509
			Toyonian						Lenian †						Toyonian			510 *
			Botomian												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian												Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian												Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian												Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian															525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian						Manykaian †									529
																			538.8