PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Siberia			Central Paratethys Stages	Precambrian of Russia	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian				Pannonian						7.246
				Serravallian				Sarmatian						11.63
				Serravallian				Badenian						12.8 *
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Ypresian										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian										56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian				100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian						Late Aptian				113
				Aptian						Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian						Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
				Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian						Late Bajocian				168.2
				Bajocian						Early Bajocian				168.6 *
				Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian				174.7
										Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
										Early Toarcian				182.9 *
				Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
				Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
				Norian						Sevatian				208.5
										Alaunian				213.2 *
										Lacian				216.7 *
				Carnian						Tuvalian				227
				Carnian						Julian				233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian				237
				Ladinian						Fassanian				239.7 *
				Anisian						Illyrian				242
										Pelsonian				243.8 *
										Bithynian				244.7 *
										Aegean				245.5 *
			Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian				247.2
				Olenekian						Smithian				248.9 *
				Induan						Dienerian				251.2
Griesbachian				Induan	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
			Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
					Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
							Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Dewunian	Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
						Shangsian		Pendleian	330.8 *
			Visean		Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Jiusian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335 *
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
Katian			445.2
Sandbian			453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †						Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian								489.5
			Aksaian								490.7 *
			Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan								509
			Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian								514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400