PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			European Faunal Units	Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Eastern North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6					0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Villanyian												2.58
		Piacenzian				Ruscinian												3.1 *
		Zanclean				Ruscinian												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian												5.333
		Tortonian				Turolian												7.246
		Tortonian				Vallesian												8.7
		Serravallian				Astaracian							Cenozoic 5					11.63
		Langhian				Astaracian												13.82
		Burdigalian				Orleanian												15.98
		Burdigalian				Agenian												20
		Aquitanian				Agenian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian											Cenozoic 4					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											Cenozoic 3					33.9
		Bartonian											Cenozoic 3					37.71
		Lutetian											Cenozoic 2					41.2
		Ypresian											Cenozoic 2					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Cenozoic 1					56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian											Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Cretaceous 4		Late Albian			100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian											Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian											Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian											Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian											Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian			174.7
															Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
															Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian											Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian											Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian											Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian													Sevatian			208.5
															Alaunian			213.2 *
			Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Devonian 5	Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		Devonian 4	Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Southwoodian					Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Southwoodian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Devonian 2		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju			Porkuni	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu		445.2
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
						Viru			Rakvere			450.6 *
									Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
									Haljala			453.9
									Kukruse			456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku		Ordovician 3	458.4
									Lasnamagi			458.9 *
									Aseri			460.4 *
						Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov		Ordovician 2		467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
										Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg		Ordovician 1		477.7
									Varangu				481.3 *
				Pakerort					482.2 *
									Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
									Aksaian								490.7 *
									Sakian								492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian					Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan					Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	509
									Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
							Dyeran		Toyonian							511 *
									Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3												Cambrian 2		514
							Montezuman									514.8 *
							Montezuman		Atdabanian							515.6 *
							Begadean		Atdabanian							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian							521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				Cambrian 1		529
																		538.8