PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian											Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian											Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian											Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Yushean				Late Pliocene				2.58
		Zanclean							Yushean				Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean							Baodean				Early Pliocene				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian							Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian							Tunggurian				Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian							Shanwangian				Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian							Shanwangian				Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian							Xiejiaan								16.9
		Aquitanian							Xiejiaan								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian											Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian					Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan						Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian										Bursumian †					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Virgilian					298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		358.9
			Middle Famennian		365.3 *
			Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		372.2
			Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
			Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
			Middle Givetian		383.7 *
			Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
											Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
									Aksaian							490.7 *
									Sakian							492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	509
									Toyonian	Lenian †						510 *
									Toyonian					Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3							514
									Montezuman					514.8 *
				Atdabanian					Montezuman					515.6 *
				Atdabanian					Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian										521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian						Manykaian †				529
																	538.8