PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian Subages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of Eastern North America		Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
												Middle Albian		106.2 *
												Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian										Late Aptian		113
		Aptian										Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian									Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian		139.8
												Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
												Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan				Late Kimmeridgian		150
								Ohauan				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
								Heterian				Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian		174.7
							Herangi	Ururoan				Late Toarcian		176
												Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
												Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Pliensbachian						Aratauran				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		188.9
		Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian						Warepan				Sevatian		208.5
												Alaunian		213.2 *
												Lacian		216.7 *
								Otamitan						217
								Oretian						221
		Carnian						Oretian				Tuvalian		227
							Gore	Kaihikuan				Tuvalian		227.5
												Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian		237
								Etalian				Longobardian		238
												Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian										Illyrian		242
												Pelsonian		243.8 *
												Bithynian		244.7 *
												Aegean		245.5 *
								Malakovian				Aegean		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										Spathian		247.2
												Smithian		248.9 *
								Nelsonian				Smithian		249
		Induan										Dienerian		251.2
												Griesbachian		251.4 *
							DUrville	Makarewan				Griesbachian		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan						251.902
		Changhsingian						Waiitian						253.2
		Wuchiapingian	254.14					Waiitian
		Wuchiapingian	Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian		Flettian	264.28
		Wordian		Barettian	266
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
				Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
					Middle Famennian				365.3 *
					Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
					Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
					Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian		Southwoodian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		Southwoodian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian					410.8
					Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian								Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †							Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian									489.5
			Aksaian									490.7 *
			Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan									509
			Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian									514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian									515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
														538.8