PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian											0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian											3
		Zanclean					Waipipian											3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan											7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan											11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian											13.82
							Clifdenian											15.1
						Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian											15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
							Duntroonian											25.2
							Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian														Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
						Arnold	Runangan											34.6
							Kaiatan											36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian											39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian											41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
							Heretaungan											45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan										Bumbanian	47.8
							Mangaorapan											48.9
							Waipawan											52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian									Gashatan		56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian	Senonian										66
		Campanian					Haumurian											72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan											83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
							Mangaotanean											90.5
							Arowhanan											93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan											93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
							Motuan											99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan	Gallic										100.5
							Urutawan											103.3
						Taitai	Korangan											108.4
		Aptian					Korangan											113
		Aptian																117.5
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian										125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean			Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
									Cautleyan			448.9 *
									Pusgillian			449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
								Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
			Burrellian	452.7 *							Oandu
		Sandbian		Keila				Idavere †			453
				Keila					Actonian †		453.2 *
				Haljala					Actonian †		453.9
									Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Kukruse								456.4 *
			Aurelucian									456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
				Uhaku				Aluoja †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Uhaku			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
				Lasnamagi								458.9 *
				Aseri								460.4 *
				Aseri			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
				Oeland						Kunda		462.9 *
								Valaste †/Hunderum		Kunda		464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian											467.3
			Arenig				Fennian						468.4 *
										Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
								Latorp †					470.1 *
							Whitlandian						471.1 *
							Whitlandian			Hunneberg			473.7 *
							Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian						477.7
							Cressagian						480.8 *
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
													Mansian †	483.55 *
													Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
								Aksaian									490.7 *
								Sakian									492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
					Toyonian			Dyeran						511 *
					Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3												514
								Montezuman						514.8 *
					Atdabanian			Montezuman						515.6 *
					Atdabanian			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian									521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
																		538.8