PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian							2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian							3
		Zanclean					Waipipian							3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan							7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan							11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian							13.82
							Clifdenian							15.1
						Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian							15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian							23.03
							Duntroonian							25.2
							Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
						Arnold	Runangan							34.6
							Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian							41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
							Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan							47.8
							Mangaorapan							48.9
							Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian							56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian					Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
							Mangaotanean							90.5
							Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan							93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
							Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan							100.5
							Urutawan							103.3
						Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian					Korangan							113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras	168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras			196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian						Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian						Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian						Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian						Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian						Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5				Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian				Gamachian			443.8
		Katian					Gamachian			445.2
							Richmondian			446 *
							Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian				450.4 *
			Mohawkian				Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian				453
							Turinian				453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean	473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean	477.7
				Stairsian	480.3 *
				Skullrockian	Demingian †	482 *
					Demingian †	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian						485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
					Aksaian								490.7 *
					Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan								509
					Toyonian	Lenian †							510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian								514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
														538.8