PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Eastern North America		Silurian of North America			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China		European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian														Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean														Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian														Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian														Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian														Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian														Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian														Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian														Agenian	20
		Aquitanian														Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian															56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian				66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic				100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian				125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian															251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian															266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian															273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian										298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian										303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian										305.9 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian										307
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan										312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2			Atokan
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Tremadocian								477.7
		Tremadocian								Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian			Jiangshanian		489.5
										Aksaian					490.7 *
										Sakian					492.2 *
		Paibian											Paibian		494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			Guzhangian		499.5
		Drumian								Mayan/Menevian			Drumian		500.5
		Wuliuan								Amgan/Solvan			Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Amgan/Solvan			Duyunian		509
										Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
										Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian			Nangaoian		514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian			Nangaoian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian			Meishucunian		521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian									Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian									Manykaian †		Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8