PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America					Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †			2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
				Serravallian																		11.63
				Langhian																		13.82
				Burdigalian																		15.98
				Aquitanian																		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
				Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
				Lutetian																		41.2
				Ypresian						Bumbanian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan													56
				Selandian																		59.2
				Danian																		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
				Campanian																		72.1
				Santonian																		83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian																		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
				Aptian																		113
				Barremian																		121.4
				Hauterivian																		125.77
				Valanginian																		132.6
				Berriasian																		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
				Kimmeridgian																		149.2
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Bathonian																		165.3
				Bajocian																		168.2
				Aalenian																		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
				Pliensbachian																		184.2
				Sinemurian																		192.9
				Hettangian																		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
				Norian																		208.5
				Carnian																		227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan																		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	Buntsandstein	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																Longtanian †	Buntsandstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian																	Ohre/Aller	259.51
				Wordian																	Leine	264.28
				Roadian																		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
				Artinskian																		283.5
				Sakmarian																		290.1
				Asselian																		293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																		298.9
				Kasimovian																		303.7
				Moscovian																		307
				Bashkirian																		315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian																		323.2
				Visean																		330.9
				Tournaisian																		346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian												Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						358.9
Frasnian			Late Devonian	Adorf	372.2
Middle Devonian			Givetian	Givetian	382.7
Middle Devonian			Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
Early Devonian			Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli			Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian					Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
					Eastonian			Richmondian		449 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
					Gisbornian						452 *
			Sandbian								453
								Turinian			453.7 *
							Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian							458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian							467.3
					Castlemainian							468.5 *
					Castlemainian			Rangerian				469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
					Bendigonian								471.8 *
					Lancefieldian								473.5 *
								Tulean					473.9 *
			Tremadocian					Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
					Warendian								482.8 *
					Warendian								Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian														489.5
					Aksaian												490.7 *
					Sakian												492.2 *
	Steptoean															493 *
			Paibian													494
			Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian								Series 3 †				Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian														499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian														500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan												Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †		509
			Toyonian		Lenian †													510 *
			Toyonian														Dyeran	511 *
			Botomian															512.5 *
		Stage 3																514
																	Montezuman	514.8 *
			Atdabanian														Montezuman	515.6 *
			Atdabanian														Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian															521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian															525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †													529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian																Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000														Karatau
		Stenian		Yurmatian														1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian														1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan														1375
																						1400