PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Carboniferous Subepochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian												Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian												Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian												Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian												Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian												Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean												Chapadmalalan				3.6
																Montehermosan				3.7 *
																Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
																Chasicoan				7.9 *
																Mayoan				9.9 *
																Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian												Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian												Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian												Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian												Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian												Friasian				15.98
																Santacrucian				16.2 *
																Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian												Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian												Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
				Rupelian																27.82
				Rupelian												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian												Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian												Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Lutetian												Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian												Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian												Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Riochican				56
																Itaboraian				56.9 *
																Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
				Danian												Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Kimmeridgian								Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan							150
													Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Callovian									Temaikan							164.3
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian		Mangapirian	276
			Artinskian		Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian								Siegen	407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien					Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian										Pirgu	445.2
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian										Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
												Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
													Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian										Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian										Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
Hunneberg													473.7 *
Hunneberg			Tremadocian										477.7
Varangu													481.3 *
Pakerort													482.2 *
													Mansian †			483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
			Jiangshanian															489.5
													Aksaian					490.7 *
													Sakian					492.2 *
			Paibian															494
			Paibian	Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian										497
			Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian										499.5
			Drumian	Mayan/Menevian										500.5
			Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan										509
				Toyonian	Lenian †									510 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
			Stage 3	Botomian										514
			Stage 3	Atdabanian										515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian										521
			Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
			Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †									529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
			Cryogenian																635
			Tonian																720
			Tonian				Karatau		800
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau		1000
			Stenian				Yurmatian		1100
			Ectasian				Yurmatian		1200
			Ectasian				Burzyan		1375
																				1400