PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units					Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene	Tertiary †							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian											Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian											Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian												Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian													305.9
		Moscovian													307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian				453
						Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
				Dobrotivian				458.5 *
				Oretanian				459.7 *
					Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian				Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian				Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian							489.5
				Aksaian							490.7 *
				Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian							Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan					Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan								509
				Toyonian				Lenian †				510 *
				Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian								514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian								521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †				529
															538.8