PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian of Eastern North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of the Salt Range	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean						0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean						0.0004
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean						0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean						0.129
		Chibanian												Irvingtonian						0.21
		Calabrian												Irvingtonian						0.774
		Calabrian												Blancan						1.4
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
		Zanclean																		3.6
		Zanclean												Hemphillian						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian												Clarendonian						9.4
		Serravallian												Clarendonian						11.63
		Serravallian												Barstovian						12.5
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
														Hemingfordian						16.3
														Arikareean						18.5
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
														Whitneyan						29.5
														Orellan						31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian												Duchesnean						37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean						37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian												Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian												Bridgerian						46.2
		Ypresian												Bridgerian						47.8
														Wasatchian						50.5
														Clarkforkian						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian						56
		Thanetian												Tiffanian						56.2
		Selandian												Tiffanian						59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian						60.9
		Danian												Torrejonian						61.6
		Danian												Puercan						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian													Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	251.902
				252.4 *
			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian	Chhidru	254.14
			Kalabagh	255 *
			Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
				265.3 *
			Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
							Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
							Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian					443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian											453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
							Dobrotivian								458.5 *
							Oretanian								459.7 *
												Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian								470
		Tremadocian					Tremadocian								Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian					Tremadocian								Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian								Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian		Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian											Batyrbaian	489.5
							Aksaian											Aksaian	490.7 *
							Sakian											Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian																	494
		Paibian														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian											Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian																Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian																Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan											Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan																505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4																509
			Toyonian				Lenian †								Toyonian			510 *
			Botomian												Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian												Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian												Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian												Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian															525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †											529
																				538.8