PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Devonian of Germany	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							2.58
		Zanclean							3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian							15.98
								Hemingfordian	16.3
								Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
								Whitneyan	29.5
								Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian	47.8
								Wasatchian	50.5
								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian						Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4		100.5
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3		113
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian					Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian					Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Cambrian 5	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian				489.5
				Aksaian				490.7 *
				Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian						494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian			Cambrian 4	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan			Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan				509
				Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
				Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian			Cambrian 2	514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		Cambrian 1	529
									538.8