PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian						Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Serravallian										11.63
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
										Middle Albian		106.2 *
										Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian		113
		Aptian								Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian		139.8
										Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
										Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian		174.7
										Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
										Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian								Sevatian		208.5
										Alaunian		213.2 *
										Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian		227
		Carnian								Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian		237
		Ladinian								Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
				Missourian			Cantabrian	305 *
				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian						307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan			Westphalian A	318.4 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian			Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Meramecian	Warnantian		Brigantian †	335.8 *
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	Ivorian			346.7
				Kinderhookian	Ivorian			351.9 *
				Kinderhookian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †						483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian						Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian								489.5
			Aksaian								490.7 *
			Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan			509
			Toyonian			Lenian †			510 *
			Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian						514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian						521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian						525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian			Manykaian †			529
												538.8