PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Germany	Devonian of France	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian											Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian											Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian											Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian			Villanyian	2.58
													Waipipian			Villanyian	3
																Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean											Opoitian				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			Turolian	5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
																Vallesian	8.7
												Southland	Waiauan			Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian											Waiauan			Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian											Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian				13.82
													Clifdenian				15.1
												Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian											Altonian			Orleanian	15.98
													Otaian			Orleanian	18.7
																Agenian	20
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian				23.03
													Duntroonian				25.2
													Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
												Arnold	Runangan				34.6
													Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian											Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian											Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian											Bortonian				41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
													Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian											Heretaungan				47.8
													Mangaorapan				48.9
													Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Teurian				56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian											Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian											Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian										Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
													Mangaotanean				90.5
													Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian											Arowhanan				93.9
												Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
													Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Motuan				100.5
													Urutawan				103.3
												Taitai	Korangan				108.4
		Aptian											Korangan				113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
		Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Kuzel	298.9
						Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
						Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
						Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
						Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian		393.3
		Pragian						Siegen		407.6
		Pragian						Siegen	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu					445.2
					Vormsi					449.6 *
					Nabala					Johvi †	450 *
					Viru				Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian		Keila					Idavere †	453
				Haljala						453.9
				Kukruse						456.4 *
				Uhaku					Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku						458.4
				Lasnamagi						458.9 *
				Aseri						460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
					Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg						477.7
					Varangu						481.3 *
					Pakerort						482.2 *
											Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian		Datsonian	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
														Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian												Iverian	489.5
									Aksaian						490.7 *
									Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian												Idamean	494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Idamean	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian					Mindyallan	497
									Ayusokkanian					Boomerangian	499
									Mayan/Menevian					Boomerangian	499.5
		Drumian												Undillan	500.5
		Drumian												Floran	503
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan					Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan												Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
									Toyonian		Lenian †				510 *
									Toyonian						510.8 *
									Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian						514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian				521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																	538.8