PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian															Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian															Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian															Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan								150
										Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan								176
		Pliensbachian								Ururoan								184.2
		Pliensbachian								Aratauran								188.9
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian								201.4
		Norian								Warepan								208.5
										Otamitan								217
										Oretian								221
		Carnian								Oretian								227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan								227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan								237
		Ladinian								Etalian								238
		Anisian								Etalian								242
		Anisian								Malakovian								246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Malakovian								247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian								249
		Induan								Nelsonian								251.2
		Induan							DUrville	Makarewan								251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Makarewan								251.902
		Changhsingian								Waiitian								253.2
		Wuchiapingian								Waiitian								254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Puruhauan								254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Aparima	Flettian								259.51
		Wordian								Flettian								264.28
		Wordian								Barettian								266
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Kungurian	Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian	Mangapirian	283.5
			Telfordian	285
					288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A		303.7
							Cantabrian		305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian							307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Bolindian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Eastonian	Kralodvorian		449 *
								Eastonian	Berounian		449.7 *
								Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian					458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Yapeenian		Klabava †			467.3
								Yapeenian	Arenigian				468
								Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian					470
								Bendigonian					471.8 *
								Lancefieldian					473.5 *
		Tremadocian						Lancefieldian	Tremadocian				477.7
			Warendian	482.8 *
			Warendian	Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †				Ketyan †/Yurakian						Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian												489.5
			Aksaian												490.7 *
			Sakian												492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian											Middle Cambrian	497
			Ayusokkanian												Arcadian	498.4
			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan			Branchian								Early Cambrian	509
			Toyonian	Lenian †											510 *
			Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian												514
			Atdabanian												515.6 *
			Atdabanian			Placentian									517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian												521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian												525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †											529
																		538.8