PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand					Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian								Villanyian	2.58
								Waipipian								Villanyian	3
																Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean															3.6
		Zanclean						Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean								Turolian	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian													Pannonian		7.246
																Vallesian	8.7
							Southland	Waiauan								Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian													Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
															Badenian		12.8 *
								Lillburnian							Badenian		13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian									13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian						Altonian								Orleanian	15.98
								Otaian								Orleanian	18.7
																Agenian	20
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian									23.03
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian									41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
								Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan									47.8
								Mangaorapan									48.9
								Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian									56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian						Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
								Mangaotanean									90.5
								Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan									93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
								Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan									100.5
								Urutawan									103.3
							Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian						Korangan									113
		Aptian		117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Wordian			Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian			Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian			Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian			Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian	Missourian	303.7
					Khamovnikian		304.8
					Krevyakinian		305.8 *
					Krevyakinian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian		307
					Podolskian		308.9 *
					Kashirian		311.4 *
					Kashirian	Atokan	312.7 *
					Vereian		313.8
					Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
					Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Cheremshanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian	Chesterian	323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian	Meramecian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	Meramecian	339.9 *
					Bobrikian	Osagean	343.1 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
			Karakubian			354.4 *
			Upinian			356.3 *
			Malevkian	357.6 *
			Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill			Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	445.2
								Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
								Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
								Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenig			Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc			Migneintian			477.7
								Cressagian			480.8 *
								Cressagian			Mansian †	483.55 *
											Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian									Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian									Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan									Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Amgan/Solvan			509
											Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
											Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian			514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian									Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
																	538.8