PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean									0.014
				Chibanian						Rancholabrean									0.129
				Chibanian						Irvingtonian									0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian									0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian									4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian						Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian						Clarendonian									11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
										Hemingfordian									16.3
										Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Rupelian															27.82
										Whitneyan									29.5
										Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian									33.9
				Priabonian						Duchesnean									37
				Bartonian						Duchesnean									37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian						Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian						Bridgerian									47.8
										Wasatchian									50.5
										Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian									56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian									56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian									59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian									60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian									61.6
				Danian						Puercan									63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian		Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian	Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
					Hessian		Saraninian	281.9 *
			Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Irginian	286.1 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian		Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani		433.4
			Telychian					Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
			Katian							445.2
			Sandbian							453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian							470
			Tremadocian							477.7
			Tremadocian							Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
			Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
			Jiangshanian												489.5
										Aksaian					490.7 *
										Sakian					492.2 *
														Maentwrogian	493.1 *
			Paibian												494
Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			Paibian									494.7 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									St Davids		497
			Ayusokkanian											Arcadian	498.4
			Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan												504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan									Caerfai		Branchian	509
			Toyonian							Lenian †					510 *
			Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian												514
			Atdabanian												515.6 *
			Atdabanian											Placentian	517.1
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian												521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian												525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635