PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of England		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran						0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian						Castlecliffian						0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian						0.774
		Calabrian						Nukumaruan						1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan		MN 17				1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian		MN 17				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian		MN 16				2.58
								Waipipian		MN 16				3
										MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean												3.6
								Opoitian						3.7
										MN 14				4.2
										MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan						7.2
		Tortonian								MN 12				7.246
										MN 11				7.75
										MN 10				8.7
										MN 9				9.7
							Southland	Waiauan		MN 9				11.04
										MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian								MN 7 + 8				11.63
										MN 6				12.8 *
								Lillburnian		MN 6				13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian		MN 5				13.82
								Clifdenian						15.1
							Pareora	Altonian						15.9
		Burdigalian								MN 4				15.98
										MN 3				16.9
								Otaian		MN 3				18.7
										MN 2				20
		Aquitanian												20.44
							Landon	Waitakian						21.7
										MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
								Duntroonian						25.2
								Whaingaroan						27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
							Arnold	Runangan						34.6
								Kaiatan						36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan						37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian						39.1
		Lutetian						Bortonian						41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
								Heretaungan						45.7
		Ypresian						Heretaungan						47.8
								Mangaorapan						48.9
								Waipawan						52
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Teurian						56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian					Senonian	66
		Campanian						Haumurian						72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan						83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
								Mangaotanean						90.5
								Arowhanan						93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9					Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan	Gallic	100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian		438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
			Aksaian								490.7 *
			Sakian								492.2 *
										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Ayusokkanian								Arcadian	498.4
			Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian	Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian		Lenian †							510 *
			Toyonian						Dyeran			511 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
									Montezuman			514.8 *
			Atdabanian									515.6 *
										Placentian		517.1
									Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
														538.8