PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Permian Subages of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean					0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean					0.0004
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean					0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean					0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian					0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian					0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan					1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian					4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian					11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
							Hemingfordian					16.3
							Arikareean					18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
		Rupelian										27.82
							Whitneyan					29.5
							Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian					33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian					47.8
							Wasatchian					50.5
							Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian					56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian					56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian					59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian					60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian					61.6
		Danian					Puercan					63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
		Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
						Aksaian					490.7 *
						Sakian					492.2 *
										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Waucoban †	509
						Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
						Toyonian			Dyeran		511 *
						Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3									514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
						Atdabanian			Montezuman		515.6 *
						Atdabanian			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian					521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian	Manykaian †			Nemakit-Daldynian	529
												538.8