PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Siberia			Permian Subages of Germany	Precambrian of Russia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Tarantian		Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Chibanian						Ionian		Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Calabrian								Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Gelasian								Early Pleistocene				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene				2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene				5.333
				Tortonian								Late Miocene				7.246
				Serravallian								Middle Miocene				11.63
				Langhian								Middle Miocene				13.82
				Burdigalian								Early Miocene				15.98
				Aquitanian								Early Miocene				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			33.9
				Bartonian								Middle Eocene	MP 16			37.71
				Lutetian								Middle Eocene	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			41.2
				Ypresian								Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5		56
				Selandian								Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Danian								Early Paleocene				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein								254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller								259.51
				Wordian				Leine								264.28
				Roadian												266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
				Artinskian												283.5
				Sakmarian												290.1
				Asselian												293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
				Gzhelian											Xiaodushanian	300 *
				Kasimovian											Xiaodushanian	303.7
				Kasimovian											Dalaun	305.8 *
Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
			Katian			445.2
			Sandbian			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
			Tremadocian			477.7
			Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †		Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian				489.5
						Aksaian				490.7 *
						Sakian				492.2 *
			Paibian							494
			Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian				497
			Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian			Mayan/Menevian				500.5
			Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan				509
						Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
						Botomian				512.5 *
			Stage 3			Botomian				514
			Stage 3			Atdabanian				515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian				521
			Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
			Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan			1375
																1400