PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Siberia			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian						0.0117
				Chibanian									Ionian						0.129
				Calabrian															0.774
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Serravallian															11.63
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian															27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
				Bartonian															37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian															47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian															56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian											66
				Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian											72.1
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian											100.5
								Middle Albian											106.2 *
								Early Albian											109.9 *
				Aptian				Late Aptian											113
				Aptian				Early Aptian											119.5 *
				Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian				Late Berriasian											139.8
								Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
								Early Berriasian											142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian										146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian											149.2
								Late Kimmeridgian									Kawhia	Ohauan	150
								Early Kimmeridgian										Ohauan	152.2 *
								Early Kimmeridgian										Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
				Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
				Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian				Late Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras					168.2
								Late Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
								Early Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
				Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
														Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Herangi	Ururoan	176
														Planulata					179.3 *
																Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
								Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
														Kanense					181.3 *
														Carlottense					182.3 *
								Early Toarcian						Carlottense					182.9 *
								Early Toarcian						Kunae					183.5 *
				Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Kunae					184.2
														Freboldi					185.1 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Aratauran	188.9
							189.2 *
Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis		190.3 *
				Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
Pseudaetomoceras								Psiloceras		196.4 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
Franziceras/Euphyllites				Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour		Otapirian	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian						Warepan	208.5
				Alaunian							213.2 *
				Lacian							216.7 *
										Otamitan	217
										Oretian	221
			Carnian	Tuvalian						Oretian	227
				Tuvalian				Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
				Julian							233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian							237
				Longobardian						Etalian	238
				Fassanian							239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian							242
	Pelsonian			243.8 *
	Bithynian			244.7 *
	Aegean			245.5 *
	Aegean			Malakovian						246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian							247.2
			Smithian							248.9 *
			Smithian	Nelsonian						249
		Induan	Dienerian							251.2
			Griesbachian							251.4 *
			Griesbachian	DUrville				Makarewan		251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan			251.902
			Changhsingian					Waiitian			253.2
			Wuchiapingian					Waiitian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan			254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian				Aparima			Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian							Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian							Barettian	266
			Roadian	Roadian								266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian								Cathedralian	273.01
											Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
												Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian										283.5
											Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian							Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
													288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						Nealian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Kasimovian									303.7
			Moscovian									307
			Bashkirian									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
			Visean									330.9
			Tournaisian									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian									Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian									Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian									Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian									Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian									Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian										Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
			Tremadocian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian							485.4
			Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian									489.5
					Aksaian									490.7 *
					Sakian									492.2 *
			Paibian											494
			Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian									497
			Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian									499.5
			Drumian		Mayan/Menevian									500.5
			Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan									509
					Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
					Botomian									512.5 *
			Stage 3		Botomian									514
			Stage 3		Atdabanian									515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									521
Nemakit-Daldynian			Stage 2		525.5
Nemakit-Daldynian			Fortunian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																			1400