PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Tarantian		0.0117
		Chibanian													Ionian		0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian						Cenozoic 5									11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Cenozoic 4									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Cenozoic 4									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Cenozoic 3									33.9
		Bartonian						Cenozoic 3									37.71
		Lutetian						Cenozoic 2									41.2
		Ypresian						Cenozoic 2									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Cenozoic 1									56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8									66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7									72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6									83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian		Cretaceous 4									100.5
						Middle Albian											106.2 *
						Early Albian											109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3									113
		Aptian				Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3									119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2									121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2									125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1									132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian											139.8
						Middle Berriasian											140.6 *
						Early Berriasian											142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5									149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian											152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian										157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		Jurassic 4									165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian											168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian											168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Jurassic 3									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian											174.7
						Middle Toarcian											180.4 *
						Early Toarcian											182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2									184.2
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1									192.9
		Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4									201.4
		Norian				Sevatian											208.5
						Alaunian											213.2 *
						Lacian											216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		Triassic 3									227
		Carnian				Julian		Triassic 3									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian		243.8 *
			Bithynian		244.7 *
			Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
							Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian		Ordovician 4					453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
							Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
								Cressagian			480.8 *
								Cressagian			Mansian †	483.55 *
											Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian							Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
				Aksaian												490.7 *
				Sakian												492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian									Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian	499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian	500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan	Cambrian 3									Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian								Lenian †				510 *
			Toyonian										Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2											514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian										Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian												521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian												525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †							Cambrian 1				529
																	538.8