PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of the Salt Range	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Germany	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of China	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian														Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian														Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian														Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian														Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian														Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian														Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian														Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian				100.5
													Middle Albian				106.2 *
													Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian				113
		Aptian											Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian				139.8
													Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
													Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian				168.2
							Humphresianum		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian				168.4
							Humphresianum		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian				174.7
									Planulata								179.3 *
											Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
																	180.1
													Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
									Kanense								181.3 *
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Kanense								182
									Carlottense								182.3 *
									Carlottense				Early Toarcian				182.9 *
									Kunae				Early Toarcian				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
									Freboldi								185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian						Sevatian	208.5
								Alaunian	213.2 *
								Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian	227
		Carnian						Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian	237
		Ladinian						Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian	242
								Pelsonian	243.8 *
								Bithynian	244.7 *
								Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian						Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan						Dienerian	251.2
								Griesbachian	251.4 *
								Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Kathwai	251.902
										252.4 *
									Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian							Chhidru	254.14
									Kalabagh	255 *
									Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
										265.3 *
									Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian							Amb	266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian				443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
				Dobrotivian			458.5 *
				Oretanian			459.7 *
			Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian		470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian			Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian				Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian								Jiangshanian				489.5
			Aksaian												490.7 *
			Sakian												492.2 *
		Paibian									Paibian				494
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian								494.7 *
							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian								Guzhangian		Wangcunian †		497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian								Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian								Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan								Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan					Duyunian			509
			Toyonian			Lenian †					510 *
			Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian					Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian					Nangaoian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian					Meishucunian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian				Manykaian †					529
		Fortunian				Manykaian †		Jinnigian			530.7
																	538.8