PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Siberia			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6		Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5		Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
								Hemingfordian								16.3
								Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
								Whitneyan								29.5
								Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3		Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2		Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian								47.8
								Wasatchian								50.5
								Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1		Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian						Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6										145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5										149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4										168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Jurassic 3										174.7
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2										184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2							470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian							Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
			Aksaian												490.7 *
			Sakian												492.2 *
														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian				494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian									Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan									Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Waucoban †	509
			Toyonian							Lenian †					510 *
			Toyonian										Dyeran		511 *
			Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3										Cambrian 2			514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
			Atdabanian										Montezuman		515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian										521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †		Cambrian 1	529
																538.8