PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian												0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian												0.129
				Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
													Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
				Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
													Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian											Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian											Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian											Waipipian			3
		Zanclean											Waipipian			3.6
													Opoitian			3.7
				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Opoitian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian											Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
												Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
													Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian											Lillburnian			13.82
													Clifdenian			15.1
												Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
													Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian											Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian										Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
					Monroecreekian											23.1 *
					Geringian											24.7 *
													Duntroonian			25.2
													Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian												Kekeamuan		29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian										Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
												Arnold	Runangan			34.6
													Kaiatan			36.7
																37
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
													Bortonian			39.1
				Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
												Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
													Heretaungan			45.7
				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian	47.8
													Mangaorapan			48.9
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Mangaorapan			50.5
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									Waipawan			52
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Waipawan			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							Teurian	Gashatan		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1								Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1										60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1										61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	72.1										Haumurian
		Santonian	Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara				Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
			Clarence				Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai				Korangan	108.4
		Aptian					Korangan	113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma					421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian		Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian					443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
			Dobrotivian	458.5 *
			Oretanian	459.7 *
				Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian								485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian								486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian								489.5
		Paibian	Idamean								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan								497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian								499
		Drumian	Undillan								500.5
		Drumian	Floran								503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian								504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian								507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian								509
																510.8 *