PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America		Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of France	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean												0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean												0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean												0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean												0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian												0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian												0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan												1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian												4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian												9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian												11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian												12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
				Hemingfordian												16.3
				Arikareean												18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
				Whitneyan												29.5
				Orellan												31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian												33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean												37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean												37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan												39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan												41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian												46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian												47.8
				Wasatchian												50.5
				Clarkforkian												54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian												56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian												56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian												59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian												60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian												61.6
		Danian		Puercan												63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Midian	264.28
		Wordian	Wordian		Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Roadian		Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
					Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
					Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian					283.5
						Yakhtashian	286
			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian				Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
				Eastonian					Cautleyan	449 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
				Gisbornian					Cheneyan		452 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian		Yapeenian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
				Yapeenian				Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
				Castlemainian								468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian								470
				Chewtonian					Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Bendigonian								471.8 *
				Lancefieldian								473.5 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
									Cressagian			480.8 *
				Warendian					Cressagian			482.8 *
				Warendian								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian								Late Cambrian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
				Payntonian										486.8 *
				Payntonian										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian		Iverian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		Idamean										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan								Middle Cambrian	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Boomerangian											499
		Drumian		Undillan											500.5
		Drumian		Floran											503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian									Topazan		504.5
				Templetonian									Delamaran		506.5
			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian	Early Cambrian	Waucoban †	509
						510.8 *
						Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran						514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
						Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8