PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
				Hemingfordian											16.3
				Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
				Whitneyan											29.5
				Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian											47.8
				Wasatchian											50.5
				Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian		Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian				305.9
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ungurian				Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian				Batyrbaian				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
				Payntonian									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	486.8 *
				Payntonian									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian										489.5
								Aksaian						490.7 *
								Sakian						492.2 *
													Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian		Idamean									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan				Ayusokkanian				St Davids		497
				Boomerangian				Ayusokkanian						499
				Boomerangian										499.5
		Drumian		Undillan				Zhanaarykian						500.5
		Drumian		Floran				Tuesaian						503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian				Tuesaian						504.5
				Templetonian										505.3
				Ordian										507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4										Caerfai		509
								Toyonian						510 *
								Toyonian						510.8 *
								Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian						514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian						521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian						529
															538.8