PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of China		Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of England	Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
				Hemingfordian										16.3
				Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
				Whitneyan										29.5
				Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian										47.8
				Wasatchian										50.5
				Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian		Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian			113
		Aptian									Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Late Bajocian	168.2
						Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
						Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
							Late Toarcian	180.1
							Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian	182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	227
		Carnian					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian			259.51
		Wordian					Midian			264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych			Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Datsonian				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian			486.8 *				Niuchehean
		Jiangshanian	Iverian			Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian	Idamean			Paibian				494
		Paibian	Idamean			Paibian				Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan			Guzhangian				Wangcunian †	Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian			Guzhangian						499
		Drumian	Undillan			Drumian						500.5
		Drumian	Floran			Drumian						503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian			Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian			Wuliuan/Taijangian				Stage 5 †		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian			Duyunian						509
		Stage 4				Duyunian						510.8 *
		Stage 3				Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian						530.7
														538.8