PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Australia	European Faunal Units	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
										Ensenadan							0.3 *
															Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian											Castlecliffian	Early Pleistocene	0.774
															Nukumaruan		1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
				Gelasian													1.8
				Gelasian											Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian	Tertiary †			Vorohuean						Late Pliocene	2.58
										Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
															Waipipian		3
						Ruscinian											3.1 *
				Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
										Montehermosan					Opoitian		3.7 *
										Huayquerian					Opoitian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian								Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene	5.333
				Messinian											Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian													7.246
										Chasicoan							7.9 *
						Vallesian				Chasicoan							8.7
										Mayoan							9.9 *
										Laventan							10.9 *
														Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian		Astaracian									Waiauan	Middle Miocene	11.63
															Lillburnian		13.05
										Colloncuran							13.7 *
				Langhian													13.82
															Clifdenian		15.1
										Friasian					Clifdenian		15.4 *
														Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian		Orleanian										Early Miocene	15.98
										Santacrucian							16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
															Otaian		18.7
						Agenian											20
				Aquitanian													20.44
										Deseadan							20.9 *
														Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Waitakian	Late Oligocene	23.03
															Duntroonian		25.2
															Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian												Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican						Early Oligocene	28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	33.9
														Arnold	Runangan		34.6
										Divisaderan					Runangan		35.9 *
															Kaiatan		36.7
				Bartonian											Kaiatan	Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian											Bortonian		39.1
				Lutetian													41.2
										Mustersan							41.9 *
														Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
															Heretaungan		45.7
				Ypresian												Early Eocene	47.8
										Casamayoran							47.9 *
															Mangaorapan		48.9
															Waipawan		52
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican					Teurian	Late Paleocene	56
										Itaboraian							56.9 *
										Peligran							58.9 *
Selandian	Middle Paleocene			59.2
Danian	Early Paleocene			61.6
Danian	Early Paleocene			Tiupampan	62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian					Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian					Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian							86.3
			Turonian							89.8
								Mangaotanean		90.5
								Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian					Arowhanan		93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
								Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan		100.5
								Urutawan		103.3
							Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian					Korangan		113
			Aptian							117.5
			Barremian							121.4
			Hauterivian							125.77
			Valanginian							132.6
			Berriasian							139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
			Kimmeridgian							149.2
			Oxfordian							154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
			Bathonian							165.3
			Bajocian							168.2
			Aalenian							170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
			Pliensbachian							184.2
			Sinemurian							192.9
			Hettangian							199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
			Norian							208.5
			Carnian							227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
			Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †				254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †				Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian								Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian							Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian							Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
											Filipovian	276.5 *
											Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian							Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
											Irginian	285.9 *
											Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian							Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian							Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
											Uskalykian	294.8
											Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
			Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian									Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian										307
			Bashkirian										315.2
												Huashibanian	318.5 *
												Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
			Tremadocian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Mansian †		483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
			Stage 10		Payntonian							486.8 *
			Jiangshanian		Iverian							489.5
							Aksaian					490.7 *
							Sakian					492.2 *
			Paibian		Idamean							494
			Paibian		Idamean				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan		Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian					497
					Boomerangian			Ayusokkanian					499
					Boomerangian			Mayan/Menevian					499.5
Drumian			Undillan		500.5
Drumian			Floran		503
Wuliuan			Templetonian		Stage 5 †	Amgan/Solvan		504.5
Wuliuan			Ordian		Stage 5 †			507.8 *
Series 2		Stage 4						509
						Toyonian		Lenian †	510 *
						Toyonian			510.8 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian			514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian			515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2				Tommotian			521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan	1375
																	1400