PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			Ordovician of Britain			North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Hemingfordian							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
						Arikareean							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
														Monroecreekian		23.1 *
														Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian												Geringian		27.82
						Whitneyan										29.5
						Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian							Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
						Wasatchian							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
						Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian									To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian				Puercan									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan											150
					Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Buntsandstein		Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian			Leine			264.28
							Noginskian	264.9 *
				Barettian				266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
				Mangapirian				276
							Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian						283.5
				Telfordian				285
				Telfordian			Rusavkinian	287.6 *
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
						Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian	311.4 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
		Visean				Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian				Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian					Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Pusgillian	449.5
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
			Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian		453
				Actonian †						453.2 *
				Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †	454.2 *
				Longvillian †							455.2 *
			Aurelucian	Longvillian †							456.8 *
			Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Guniu †/Hulo			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
				Hunjiang †				Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian		Arenig		Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian				Fennian				470
							Whitlandian				471.1 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Tremadoc		Migneintian				477.7
							Migneintian	Lianghekou †			477.9 *
							Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian									485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian									486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian									489.5
		Paibian	Idamean									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan									497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian									499
		Drumian	Undillan									500.5
		Drumian	Floran									503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian									504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian									507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian									509
																510.8 *