PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Salt Range	South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian						Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian						Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian						Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian						Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean						Chapadmalalan									3.6
								Montehermosan									3.7 *
								Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
								Chasicoan									7.9 *
								Mayoan									9.9 *
								Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian						Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian						Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian						Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian						Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian						Friasian									15.98
								Santacrucian									16.2 *
								Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian						Tinguirirican									28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican									33.9
		Priabonian						Divisaderan									35.9 *
		Bartonian															37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Lutetian						Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian						Mustersan									47.8
		Ypresian						Casamayoran									47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican									56
								Itaboraian									56.9 *
								Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian						Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Induan	251.2
		Induan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai	Meishanian	251.902
					252.4 *
			Chhidru		252.9 *
				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
			Kalabagh		255 *
			Wargal		256 *
				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
					265.3 *
			Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb		266.9
		Roadian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
						Xiaodushanian	300 *
							300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
						Huashibanian	318.5 *
						Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian								Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian								Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian											470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian								Hunneberg			477.7
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort	Datsonian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
											Payntonian				486.8 *
											Payntonian				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian	Iverian								489.5				Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian	Iverian								Steptoean				493 *
		Paibian	Idamean								Steptoean				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan								Marjumian			Albertian †	497
			Mindyallan												Arcadian	498.4
			Boomerangian													499
		Drumian	Undillan													500.5
		Drumian	Floran													503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian	Topazan							504.5
			Templetonian	Delamaran							506.5
			Ordian								507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian								Branchian			Waucoban †	509
															510.8 *
				Dyeran											511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran											514
				Montezuman											514.8 *
				Montezuman							Placentian				517.1
				Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																	538.8