PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of North America		Central Paratethys Stages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian								MN 17		Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian								MN 15		Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean								MN 15		Early Pliocene		3.6
										MN 14				4.2
										MN 13			Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian				MN 12				7.246
										MN 11				7.75
										MN 10				8.7
										MN 9				9.7
										MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian				Sarmatian				MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian				Badenian				MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian								MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian	15.98
										MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
										MN 2				20
		Aquitanian								MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian						Bumbanian				Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Gashatan					Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Meishanian		Buntsandstein			251.902
		Changhsingian							Baoqingian					253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian	Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian	Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian	Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian	Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian	Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian			300.1
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
					Payntonian		486.8 *
					Payntonian		Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Iverian		Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Iverian		Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Idamean		Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Mindyallan	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian			Boomerangian			499
		Drumian			Undillan			500.5
		Drumian			Floran			503
		Wuliuan			Templetonian	Topazan		504.5
					Templetonian	Delamaran		506.5
					Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4			Ordian		Waucoban †	509
								510.8 *
						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3				Dyeran		514
						Montezuman		514.8 *
						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
														538.8