PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran								Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
									Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
									Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian									2.58
		Piacenzian							Waipipian									3
		Zanclean							Waipipian									3.6
									Opoitian									3.7
									Opoitian								Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
								Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian																11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
									Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
									Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian							Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian																37.71
									Bortonian									39.1
																	Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian																47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Mangaorapan								Wasatchian	50.5
									Waipawan								Wasatchian	52
									Waipawan								Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian								Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
				Mangaotanean		90.5
				Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian				427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian				429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
				Cheneyan						451.5 *			Rakvere
				Cheneyan						Oandu			452 *
				Burrellian						Oandu			452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila			Idavere †	453
										Keila		Actonian †		453.2 *
			Haljala							453.9		Actonian †
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †		454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
			Kukruse											456.4 *
				Aurelucian										456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
			Uhaku							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
			Lasnamagi											458.9 *
			Aseri											460.4 *
			Aseri						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
			Oeland								Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
				Arenig					Fennian						468.4 *
											Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
									Whitlandian						471.1 *
									Whitlandian		Hunneberg				473.7 *
									Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc					Migneintian						477.7
									Cressagian						480.8 *
											Varangu				481.3 *
											Pakerort				482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Datsonian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
						486.5
						Payntonian	486.8 *
						Payntonian	Sunwaptan						487.5
		Jiangshanian				Iverian	Sunwaptan						489.5
		Jiangshanian				Iverian	Steptoean						493 *
		Paibian				Idamean	Steptoean						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan	Marjumian						Albertian †			497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian										499
		Drumian				Undillan										500.5
		Drumian				Floran										503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian	Topazan									504.5
						Templetonian	Delamaran									506.5
						Ordian										507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian							Waucoban †			509
								510.8 *
							Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran	514
							Montezuman	514.8 *
							Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																		538.8