PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian			0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian			0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian						100.5
									Middle Albian						106.2 *
									Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian						113
		Aptian							Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian						139.8
									Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
									Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian						168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian						174.7
									Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
									Early Toarcian						182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian							Sevatian						208.5
									Alaunian						213.2 *
									Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian						227
		Carnian							Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian						237
		Ladinian							Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian							Bolindian	Chientangkiangian			445.2
									Eastonian	Chientangkiangian			449 *
									Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
									Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian							Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian							Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian							Yapeenian	Dapingian			467.3
		Dapingian	Castlemainian						468.5 *	Dapingian
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian						Yiyangian	470
			Bendigonian							471.8 *
			Lancefieldian							473.5 *
		Tremadocian							Xinchangian	477.7
										Lianghekou †		477.9 *
			Warendian							Lianghekou †		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian							Late Cambrian				485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian											486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian											489.5
		Paibian	Idamean											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan							Middle Cambrian				497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian											499
		Drumian	Undillan											500.5
		Drumian	Floran											503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian											504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian											507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian							Early Cambrian				509
		Stage 4												510.8 *
		Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8