PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Silurian of the Baltic	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
												Waipipian	Villanyian	3
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
											Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
												Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian		23.03
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian		41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan		47.8
												Mangaorapan		48.9
												Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian										Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
												Mangaotanean		90.5
												Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan		93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
												Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan		100.5
												Urutawan		103.3
											Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian										Korangan		113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		445.2
								Cautleyan		448.9 *
								Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
								Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Cheneyan		Gisbornian	452 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
								Actonian †		453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aurelucian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Yapeenian	467.3
			Arenig		Fennian				Yapeenian	468.4 *
				Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian					470
				Chewtonian	Whitlandian				471.1 *
				Bendigonian					471.8 *
				Lancefieldian					473.5 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian				477.7
					Cressagian				480.8 *
				Warendian	Cressagian				482.8 *
				Warendian					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian						485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian						486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian						489.5
		Paibian		Idamean						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan						497
				Mindyallan						Arcadian	498.4
				Boomerangian							499
		Drumian		Undillan							500.5
		Drumian		Floran							503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian							504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian							507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian						Branchian	509
		Stage 4									510.8 *
		Stage 3									514
		Stage 3								Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
														538.8