PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cambrian of Australia	Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic				Silurian Ages of Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian											Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean											Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian											Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian											Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian											Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian											Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian											Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian											Agenian	20
				Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian									Late Aptian			113
				Aptian									Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
				Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
				Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
				Bajocian									Late Bajocian			168.2
				Bajocian									Early Bajocian			168.6 *
				Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian			174.7
													Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
													Early Toarcian			182.9 *
				Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
				Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian									Sevatian			208.5
													Alaunian			213.2 *
Lacian					216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
			Visean		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju	Porkuni	Bolindian	443.8
			Katian					Pirgu	Bolindian	445.2
								Pirgu	Eastonian	449 *
								Vormsi		449.6 *
								Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
								Oandu	Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku	Darriwilian		458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Yapeenian			467.3
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
								Billingen	Castlemainian			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian			470
									Chewtonian	Latorp †		470.1 *
									Bendigonian			471.8 *
									Lancefieldian			473.5 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
Varangu				481.3 *
Pakerort				482.2 *
				Warendian				482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian						485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
				Payntonian						486.8 *
			Jiangshanian	Iverian						489.5
			Paibian	Idamean						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan						497
			Guzhangian	Boomerangian						499
			Drumian	Undillan						500.5
			Drumian	Floran						503
			Wuliuan	Templetonian						504.5
			Wuliuan	Ordian						507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian						509
			Stage 4							510.8 *
			Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
			Cryogenian										635
			Tonian		720
		Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000
			Ectasian		1200
			Calymmian		1400
		Paleoproterozoic	Statherian		1600
			Orosirian		1800
			Rhyacian		2050
			Siderian		2300
	Archean	Neoarchean			2500
		Mesoarchean			2800
		Paleoarchean			3200
		Eoarchean			3600
	Hadean				4000
																4600