PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127688 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Silurian of England		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
								Planulata										179.3 *
								Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi								179.8 *
								Kanense										181.3 *
								Carlottense										182.3 *
								Kunae										183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae										184.2
								Freboldi										185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras									186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras									189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis									190.3 *
		Sinemurian																192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras								196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites										196.5 *
		Hettangian						Franziceras/Euphyllites										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Zechstein		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian																264.28
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian					358.9
						Middle Famennian					365.3 *
						Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian					372.2
						Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
						Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian					382.7
						Middle Givetian					383.7 *
						Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian					410.8
						Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4	Buildwas
		Homerian				Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
			Sarka †									461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †									467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Payntonian											486.8 *
			Payntonian											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian	Iverian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian	Iverian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian	Idamean											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan										Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian	Boomerangian													499
		Drumian	Undillan													500.5
		Drumian	Floran													503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian											Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
			Templetonian													Delamaran	506.5
			Ordian														507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian												Waucoban †		509
																	510.8 *
																Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3														Dyeran	514
																Montezuman	514.8 *
					Begadean											519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																		538.8