PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cambrian of Australia	Permian Subages of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean										0.129
					Irvingtonian										0.21
								Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
					Blancan										1.4
								Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian						Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Mangapanian							2.58
		Piacenzian						Waipipian							3
		Zanclean						Waipipian							3.6
								Opoitian							3.7
					Hemphillian			Opoitian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
					Clarendonian										9.4
							Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
					Barstovian										12.5
								Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian						Lillburnian							13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
					Hemingfordian										16.3
					Arikareean										18.5
								Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian						Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian					Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian											Kekeamuan		27.82
					Whitneyan										29.5
					Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
					Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
								Bortonian							39.1
					Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
					Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian												Bumbanian	47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
					Wasatchian			Mangaorapan							50.5
					Wasatchian			Waipawan							52
					Clarkforkian			Waipawan							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian			Teurian					Gashatan		56
		Thanetian			Tiffanian								Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian			Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
					Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian				Leine	264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean					Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian	Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru			Rakvere	450.6 *
								Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
				Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku					458.4
				Lasnamagi					458.9 *
				Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
					Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
					Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian			Volkhov					467.3
		Dapingian			Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
					Hunneberg					473.7 *
		Tremadocian			Hunneberg					477.7
					Varangu					481.3 *
					Pakerort					482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort			Datsonian			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
								Payntonian				486.8 *
								Payntonian				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Iverian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Idamean		494				Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Mindyallan		Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian				Boomerangian						499
		Drumian				Undillan						500.5
		Drumian				Floran						503
		Wuliuan				Templetonian		Topazan				504.5
						Templetonian		Delamaran				506.5
						Ordian						507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				Ordian					Waucoban †	509
												510.8 *
								Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran				514
								Montezuman				514.8 *
								Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8